The History Of Quipu Essays - Inca, Knots, Numerals, Proto-writing

The History Of Quipu Quipu is a set of cords and knots tied together, most of them were made of cotton and dyed in one or more colors. Each of the pendants and the knots tied on it represented numbers and the colors had their own representatives. It was invented by Incas for the purpose of recording and accounting. The following paragraphs will cover the positive and negative aspects of quipu and the difference between the communication systems of the western civilization, for example writing. Some of the positive aspects of quipu are, firstly, they were used to store information, for example, the output of gold mines *1*, the amount and kinds of tribute gave by other tribes or the result of a census were all recorded on quipus. Secondly, they can be read in horizontal direction therefore they have timeliness of before and after. They can be read vertically so terms like below and above can also apply. Thirdly, Cords on quipu can be moved until the last knot is fixed into position, so they are flexible to adjust mistakes. Fourthly, they are easy to preserve, as they wont wear out as easy as paper. Fifthly, they are in three-dimensional form, which means the making of the quipu involves greater tactile sensitivity *2* than other kind of communications for example writing. Lastly, as it may be the most important aspect of quipu, they predated and help created the coming of the civilization of Incas. There are some negative aspects of quipu too. Firstly they have limitation in meanings, which means the cords and knots represent numbers only, they cannot be used to convey complex thoughts. Secondly, the making of quipus is complicated compared to writing. They need specific skills and also take a while to train of quipumaker as there are hundreds of color vocabulary and different styles of knotting. Thirdly, quipu cannot record things as fast as writings. Compared to modern writing by brush, pencil or pen, quipus take a period of time to complete as a whole record. *1* Crowley D. Heyer P. 1999 Communication in History page 30 *2* Crowley D. Heyer P. 1999 Communication in History page 35 The differences between writing and quipu are, firstly, writings are in two-dimensional form, they are recorded on planar surfaces *3*. Quipus are recorded in construction, which are in three-dimensional form. As already analyzed above, they involve a sense of touch in a greater degree. Secondly, the purposes of these two forms of communications are different, writing is a system of graphic symbols that can be used to express and convey any or all thought. They are often used for propaganda *4*, recording, predicting, identifying and accounting purposes while quipu has limitation in conveying meanings as it is only a form of counting and recording. Thirdly, writing involved filling the space continuously in the direction from left to right or up to down *5*, they are to say in a linear composition. In contrast, quipu was nonlinear. It had no definite direction and space when connecting, but when the strings were attached, the space became defined. Lastly, writing is a more convenient form of communication than quipu as space can be expanded by adding more papers or sheets if needed, mistakes can be adjusted easier by rubbing out the unwanted words and they are lighter and easier to carry. Writing as a modern way of communication is a more advanced and convenient way to exchange thoughts. The invention of writing brought the human civilization into a higher state which makes quipu a unfamiliar term to people as no one use them anymore. *3* Crowley D. Heyer P. 1999 Communication in History page 35 *4* Crowley D. Heyer P. 1999 Communication in History page 37~40 *5* Crowley D. Heyer P. 1999 Communication in History page 35 History Essays

Raising the Driving Age essays

Raising the Driving Age essays The question about raising the minimum age for a driving license has been pushed to the headlines because of the growing amount of automobile accidents. Whether it would reduce or even prevent accidents of this sort or will simply do no good is the heart of this argument. The reason for wanting to raise the driving age is because it has been proven that teenagers have caused most accidents. The argument is a big decision for whether it should be raised or shouldnt it be raised because of the consequences of both sides. Are teenagers responsible enough to have the privilege to driver or are there alternatives to this big issue rather than raising the driving age. Earning a drivers license is most import for most young Americans, but teens are the ones with poor driving performance. According to Memmer, Traffic accidents are the leading cause of death in people ages sixteen to twenty (Sect. 2). Teens for some reason have road rage and in fact love to drive at night with other teens speeding through the streets like if they were the only drivers on the road. Statistics show that young people age fifteen through twenty make up 6.7 percent of the total driving population in this country, but are involved in 14 percent of all fatal crashes (Memmer 1). This percentage of crashes needs to be reduced. There are plenty of consequences both positive and negative if the driving age is raised. Positive consequences would be that there would be more responsible drivers out in the road, going away from home and job opportunity. Negative consequences are that teens will not obey the law and drive without a license. Teens will also have less of an opportunity to get a job. Last but not least, what some parents dont like is to have to drive their teens to school and all school functions. Another question being asked is, What is going to happen if the driving age is not raised? Both positiv...

The History and Career of Smokey the Bear

The History and Career of Smokey the Bear Smokey Bear came to us by necessity. At the beginning of World War II, Americans feared that an enemy attack or sabotage could destroy our forest resources at a time when wood products were greatly needed. In the spring of 1942, a Japanese submarine fired shells onto an oil field in Southern California near Los Padres National Forest. Government officials were relieved that the shelling did not start a forest fire but were determined to provide protection. The USDA Forest Service organized the Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention (CFFP) Program in 1942. It encouraged citizens nationwide to make a personal effort to prevent forest fires. It was a mobilized civilian effort in support of the war effort to protect valuable trees. Timber was a primary commodity for battleships, gunstocks, and packing crates for military transport. Character Development Walt Disneys Bambi character was very popular and was used on an initial anti-fire poster. The success of this poster demonstrated that an animal of the forest was the best messenger to promote the prevention of accidental forest fires. On August 2, 1944, the Forest Service and the War Advertising Council introduced a bear as their campaign symbol.​ Albert Staehle, noted illustrator of animals, worked with this description to paint the forest fire prevention bear. His art appeared in the 1945 campaign, and the advertising symbol was given the name Smokey Bear. The bear was named Smokey after Smokey Joe Martin, who was Assistant Chief of the New York City Fire Department from 1919 to 1930. Rudy Wendelin, an artist for the Forest Service, began producing a tremendous quantity of Smokey Bear art in various media for special events, publications, and licensed products to promote the fire prevention symbol. Long after retiring, he created the art for the Smokey Bears 40th anniversary commemorative U.S. Postage stamp. Many within the Forest Service still acknowledge Wendelin as being the true Smokey Bear artist. The Ad Campaign After World War II, the War Advertising Council changed its name to The Advertising Council. In the years that followed, the focus of Smokeys campaign broadened to appeal to children as well as adults. But it was not until the 1965 campaign and the work of Smokey artist Chuck Kuderna that Smokeys image evolved into the one we know today. The Smokey Bear concept has matured into a cottage industry of collectibles and educational material on fire prevention. One of the most popular Smokey products is a set of posters known as his educational poster collection. The Real Smokey Bear Smokey Bears living history began early in 1950 when  a burned cub survived a fire in the Lincoln National Forest near Capitan, New Mexico. Because this bear survived a terrible forest fire and won the love and imagination of the American public, many people mistakenly believe the cub was the original Smokey Bear but, in reality, he did not come along until the advertising symbol was almost six years old. After being nursed back to health, Smokey came to live at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. as a living counterpart to the CFFP Programs fire prevention symbol. Over the years, thousands of people from around the world came to see Smokey Bear at the National Zoo. A mate, Goldie, was introduced with the hope a young Smokey would continue the tradition of the famous living symbol. These efforts failed and an adopted son was sent to the zoo so the aged bear could retire on May 2, 1975. After many years of popularity, the original Smokey died in 1976. His remains were returned to Capitan and rest beneath a stone marker in Smokey Bear Historical State Park. For more than 15 years, the adopted Smokey carried on as the living symbol, but in 1990, when the second Smokey Bear died, the living symbol was laid to rest. Smokeys Detractors Smokey Bears task is becoming increasingly difficult. In years past, it was a challenge for his message to reach traditional visitors to the forest. Now we are faced with getting his wildfire prevention message to an increasing number of people who live in and around these areas. But Smokey the Bear may have done too good a job. There are some who suggest that we have eliminated fire to the point that it is hurting not only forest management but is building fuels for future fire disaster. They dont want Smokeys message out anymore. Charles Little, in an editorial called Smokeys Revenge, states that in many circles the bear is a pariah. Even at the National Zoo in Washington DC, which tends to be inclusive, the popular Smokey Bear exhibit was quietly dismantled in 1991 - after having featured since 1950 a bear going by this name (involving two separate animals). The point is, Smokeys ecological correctness quotient is low, as an increasing number of forest ecologists have been pointing out in recent years. We anthropomorphize at our peril. Another good essay was written by Jim Carrier for High Country News. It gives a humorous but somewhat cynical view of Smokey. He does not sugar-coat and offers a very entertaining piece called  An Agency Icon at 50. This is a must read! Adapted from USDA Forest Service Publication FS-551 The Real Smokey Bear Smokey Bears living history began early in 1950, when a burned cub survived a fire in the Lincoln National Forest near Capitan, New Mexico. Because this bear survived a terrible forest fire and won the love and imagination of the American public, many people mistakenly believe the cub was the original Smokey Bear, but in reality he did not come along until the advertising symbol was almost six years old. After being nursed back to health, Smokey came to live at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., as a living counterpart to the CFFP Programs fire prevention symbol. Over the years, thousands of people from around the world came to see Smokey Bear at the National Zoo. A mate, Goldie, was introduced with the hope a young Smokey would continue the tradition of the famous living symbol. These efforts failed and an adopted son was sent to the zoo so the aged bear could retire on May 2, 1975. After many years of popularity, the original Smokey died in 1976. His remains were returned to Capitan and rest beneath a stone marker in Smokey Bear Historical State Park. For more than 15 years, the adopted Smokey carried on as the living symbol, but in 1990, when the second Smokey Bear died, the living symbol was laid to rest. Smokeys Detractors Smokey Bears task is becoming increasingly difficult. In years past, it was a challenge for his message to reach traditional visitors to the forest. Now we are faced with getting his wildfire prevention message to an increasing number of people who live in and around these areas. But Smokey the Bear may have done too good a job. There are some who suggest that we have eliminated fire to the point that it is hurting not only forest management but is building fuels for future fire disaster. They dont want Smokeys message out anymore. Charles Little, in an editorial called Smokeys Revenge, states that in many circles the bear is a pariah. Even at the National Zoo in Washington DC, which tends to be inclusive, the popular Smokey Bear exhibit was quietly dismantled in 1991 - after having featured since 1950 a bear going by this name (involving two separate animals). The point is, Smokeys ecological correctness quotient is low, as an increasing number of forest ecologists have been pointing out in recent years. We anthropomorphize at our peril. Another good essay was written by Jim Carrier for High Country News. It gives a humorous but somewhat cynical view of Smokey. He does not sugar-coat and offers a very entertaining piece called An Agency Icon at 50. This is a must read! Adapted from USDA Forest Service Publication FS-551

Crime and punishment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Crime and punishment - Coursework Example However, in a revocation hearing, guilt has been established so therefore some rights and rules of evidence are more relaxed. Even though the rights of a defendant in a criminal trial are more structured and strict than those of an offender whose probation is being revoked, the offender will always have the right to defend his or her position. In understanding the process to revoke probation, it must first and foremost be understood that without due process, probation cannot be revoked. This process is important in order to ensure that revocation is done for reasons that are valid and noteworthy and that the probation has been violated in such a way to warrant its revocation. Someone who has violated probation and will have it revoked will be afforded fewer rights than someone who has just been arrested. This does not mean they have no rights. The rights that they will be afforded is as follows: 1. Written notice of the violations before the revocation hearing 2. The right to see and hear the evidence against them. 3. The opportunity to be heard in person and to present witnesses and documentary evidence in their favor. 4. The right to confront and cross-examine the witnesses against them. 5. A hearing panel made up of neutral members. 6. A written statement by the hearing panel, including the evidence relied on and the reasons for revoking probation (Samaha 416). Revocation of probation is the result of having violated the terms of probation which may vary from person to person depending on the charges that have been levied against them. According to Sheb, there is a two step process in revoking probation on a federal charge as described in the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. The first step is a preliminary hearing which will allow the magistrate to assess whether or not there is probable cause to believe that a violation has occurred and that it is a just sanction to proceed with revoking the probation. The requirements for the preliminary hearing includ e the right to council for the defendant and that the proceeding be recorded by a court reporter. The defendant must be provided with written notice of the hearing which will include the violation with which the defendant is being charged. The defendant has the right to appear and to question any witness to his or her violation unless it is determined by the judge that the witness does not have to appear. At this point, the judge will determine whether the violation is valid and must go onto a revocation hearing, or if the charge is without validity and may be discharged (228). The next step is the revocation hearing. This hearing must be conducted within a reasonable time from the preliminary hearing and from the time of being taken into custody. This hearing can be waived by the defendant. The person is entitled to receive a written notice of this hearing, a list of evidence that is against them, notice of the right of council, and the right to make a statement and present any evi dence that pertains to their innocence or mitigating circumstance. At this hearing the formal revocation can be enacted (Sheb 229). While the rights for this procedure are more relaxed than the formalized rights for a trial, the defendant still has the right to defend his position. Some of the differences between a criminal trial and a probation revocation hearing is that in a criminal trial hearsay evidence cannot be presented. In a criminal trial evidence

Contract & Purchase Negotiation Not Just the Beatles Essay

Contract & Purchase Negotiation Not Just the Beatles - Essay Example Thus, because of lack of preparation Brian Epstein lost in these negotiations resulting to lose of millions of revenue. However, he would have prevented this from happening if the following steps of effective planning for negotiations were followed; framing the problem and recognizing it is a common problem between the negotiating parties. Brian Epstein failed to recognize how the problem that was facing him would be beneficial to the media and entertainment industry and hence made it difficult for him to have a strong bargaining power in the negotiations hence resulting to the loss of millions of revenue. In addition, determine your goals, articulate what you want to achieve through them and finally prepare for the negotiations (Roy, et al., 1999). Your goals must define the ultimate agenda and the conflict situation. Brian Epstein failed to formulate a plan, and goals that he wanted to achieve through his negotiations with the media and entertainment industry players like George Martin hence resulting to the loss of millions of revenue. Exchanging the list of issues you want to discuss with the negotiating party is another effective negotiating step that can provide an opportunity for the negotiating parties to synthesize the merits and demerits of the negotiations prior to the negotiations process. If Brian Epstein would have presented his agenda to the media and entertainment industry early and articulated the benefits thereafter, he would have managed a better bargaining power that would have saved the Beatles the millions of lost revenue. Evaluation and prioritization of ones’ goals and trying to identify any possible tradeoffs between them is another key step in the negotiation process (Roy, et al., 1999). As a negotiator, you must be aware of your position and goals to help and guide you identify your concerns and desires that underlie your major objectives of

One Shot Society Essay Example for Free

One Shot Society Essay As the great Colin Powell said, â€Å"There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work learning from failure. † People’s success in life is determined by their sacrifice and hard work while young. We can go back in time and arrange every error we commit, meaning that we only have one opportunity in life. My essay will talk about the differences between Hondurans and South Koreans in terms of effort, opportunities, demands and expectations. Countries such as South Korea take very seriously the academic part of life in order to succeed in every aspect of it. Since early people grow with this way of life in which giving every inch of effort counts. Parents lead their children with strict habits of studying instead of doing other activities. Society demands youth to get well prepared for life and they have to respond by demonstrating it in their academic life. The results of studying and being dedicated shows when preparing for college. For example, admissions test for college is a day where society paralyzes, because this is crucial, this is the only shot they got to start with the right foot and have a decent life for probably the next 60 years. If people are not enough dedicated, they will have more difficulties in life. Koreans are usually hard working by nature; they don’t need to be told what to do, they work for it and at the end everything pays. On the other hand we have Honduras, a poor country where society has low demands on individuals; A country where goods are not fairly distributed. Not everyone in the country has opportunities to succeed, if people do not have money, even if they have the desire of giving everything in academics, opportunities do not present. Public education is very poor. Only the social class that can pay has a fair higher education. Academics is not something primary and society’s demand are not so harsh on young people. Even if youth doesn’t have a fine education after high school they can probably find a way out and earn money and because of this reasons not every student gives all their effort. Opportunities present to the ones who know wealthy people and government figures. The majority of Hondurans are not hard working people and society doesn’t give that much opportunities. These two countries are very different in almost every aspect but have similarities on a few. South Korea is a rich powerful country where every kid has to be very dedicated to their studies in order to succeed, young people usually study until 4 and then go with tutors, and meanwhile few Honduran kids are dedicated because of the poor society demands. Schools end about 2 or 3, then do a couple of homework and that’s it. 00% of South Korean parents want their children to get to college, while not every Honduran parent sees college as a mandatory thing to do. The level of work in South Korea surpasses Honduran one and the results show in the evolution as a society and as a country. The little similarity between these two countries is that not so much work opportunities are presented for people who study, making it hard for some people to succeed. In conclusion people should take advantage of that one shot life gives us even if we are in different countries.  To make a difference and overcome difficulties people have to be hard workers to demonstrate society our capacities and accomplish our life goal, which I think for the most is having a wealthy life. Rich countries such as South Korea evolve because of their work, even if this means doing sacrifices and passing through lots of stress. At the end results will show and society will grow. â€Å"Those who have everything given to them become lazy, selfish, and insensitive to the real values of life. The very striving and hard work that we so constantly try to avoid is the major building block in the person we are today†.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829) :: Biographies Biography Lamarck Essays

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829) Jean Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a theory of evolution to the public. Although his ideas were not widely accepted they paved the way for others to do work in that field. Even before his work on evolution he did extensive work with invertebrates. His work on invertebrates inevitably led him to his theory of evolution. This theory was not accepted at his time and has since been proven wrong. The way he was raised and the institutions he attended gave him the opportunity to perform his work. BACKGROUND Jean Baptiste Lamarck was born in the village of Bazentin-le-Petit in northern France on August 1,1744. He was born into a military family as the youngest of eleven children. Around 1756 Lamarck joined a Jesuit seminary at Amiens, but left to join the French military after his fathers death in 1761. He remained in the army until illness forced him to leave in 1768. Not too long after leaving the army Lamarck started to study medicine and plants. (Waggoner 2) Lamarck took many excursions with Jean-Jacques Rousseau which led him to an interest in plants rather than medicine. (Weber 49) Ten years later he gained attention and notoriety from his book Flore Francaise, about the plants of France. He had the help of well known botanist Buffon on this book, which helped with his credibility. From this book he was given the position of assistant botanist at the royal botanical garden, the Jardin des Plantes. This position was not well paid and Lamarck was forced to live in pover ty. (Clifford 1) But in 1793 the Jardin des Plantes was reorganized to become the National Museum of Natural History. This museum was run by twelve professors in twelve different scientific fields. Lamarck was appointed to the professorship of the natural history of insects and worms. Lamarck later gave these organisms the term invertebrates. (Waggoner 1-2) WORK WITH INVERTEBRATES Lamarck knew nothing about the subject of invertebrates at this time in his life. Not many scientists did know anything about invertebrates. Some even included snakes and crocodiles in this classification. The name invertebrate did not even exist at this time, Lamarck coined the phrase after he had done his research. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829) :: Biographies Biography Lamarck Essays Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829) Jean Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a theory of evolution to the public. Although his ideas were not widely accepted they paved the way for others to do work in that field. Even before his work on evolution he did extensive work with invertebrates. His work on invertebrates inevitably led him to his theory of evolution. This theory was not accepted at his time and has since been proven wrong. The way he was raised and the institutions he attended gave him the opportunity to perform his work. BACKGROUND Jean Baptiste Lamarck was born in the village of Bazentin-le-Petit in northern France on August 1,1744. He was born into a military family as the youngest of eleven children. Around 1756 Lamarck joined a Jesuit seminary at Amiens, but left to join the French military after his fathers death in 1761. He remained in the army until illness forced him to leave in 1768. Not too long after leaving the army Lamarck started to study medicine and plants. (Waggoner 2) Lamarck took many excursions with Jean-Jacques Rousseau which led him to an interest in plants rather than medicine. (Weber 49) Ten years later he gained attention and notoriety from his book Flore Francaise, about the plants of France. He had the help of well known botanist Buffon on this book, which helped with his credibility. From this book he was given the position of assistant botanist at the royal botanical garden, the Jardin des Plantes. This position was not well paid and Lamarck was forced to live in pover ty. (Clifford 1) But in 1793 the Jardin des Plantes was reorganized to become the National Museum of Natural History. This museum was run by twelve professors in twelve different scientific fields. Lamarck was appointed to the professorship of the natural history of insects and worms. Lamarck later gave these organisms the term invertebrates. (Waggoner 1-2) WORK WITH INVERTEBRATES Lamarck knew nothing about the subject of invertebrates at this time in his life. Not many scientists did know anything about invertebrates. Some even included snakes and crocodiles in this classification. The name invertebrate did not even exist at this time, Lamarck coined the phrase after he had done his research.